Спілки англійської мови: таблиця спілок, вправи на використання

Союзи в англійській мові, як і в російській, — це частини мови, що служать для з’єднання слів, словосполучень і речень.

В англійській мові сполучники можуть складатися:

із одного слова: and, by, as, because yet, etc.
з декількох слів (in case, as soon as, on condition (that), in spite of, so that, etc.),
а також вживатися в парі (both … and, neither… nor, as… as, etc.) – це так звані парні сполучники

Залежно від характеру синтаксичної зв’язку спілки в англійській мові поділяються на:

сурядні сполучники (coordinate conjunctions) — з’єднують однорідні члени простого речення або частини складносурядного речення, а також окремі пропозиції;
підрядні сполучники (subordinate conjunctions) — з’єднують головне речення з придаткових в сложноподчиненном пропозиції та вказують на тип підрядного: часу, причини, характеру дії і пр.

Зміст

Таблиця сурядних союзів з перекладом і прикладами.

До сурядним спілкам відносяться and, but, or, both … and, neither … nor, yet. nevertheless, besides, however, therefore, so, крім того, etc.

Сурядні сполучники можуть передавати такі значення, як: додаткова інформація, пояснення, протиставлення, контраст, узагальнення і т. д.

Союзи з перекладом

Приклади вживання

And – і (a / а)

I ordered a few pizzas and we settled down comfortably to discuss the latest news.

But — але

This method of teaching is widely used but it’s not yet clear that it’s the best method.

Or — або

The stew is so thick that you can eat it with a fork or spoon.

Both…and – як … так і

Both my friends and my relatives came to my party.

neither … nor – ні … ні

Neither my friends nor my relatives came to my party.

Either … or – або… або / або … або

Either my brother or my sister is at home

Yet — однак, тим не менш, все ж, незважаючи на це; але

She was angry with me, yet I didn’t care.

Nevertheless — тим не менше, однак, незважаючи на; все-таки

They tried their best to calm me down, nevertheless l couldn’t help feeling excited.

Besides – крім того, крім того

Jane attends French classes twice a week. Besides she does yoga on Fridays.

However — однак

Tom has a lot of experience: however, he didn’t get the job.

So – так що, тому, для того, щоб

John spent seven hours studying, so now he can go for a walk.

Крім того — крім того, крім того

I got a nice salary, крім того they gave me a car company.

Therefore — внаслідок цього, тому

The dollar has gone down against the yen. Therefore Japanese goods are more expensive than American.

Nor — також, теж не

Rick refuses to eat cat food, nor will he touch the milk.

Таблиця підрядних спілок з перекладом і прикладами

Придаткові часу вводяться наступними спілками:

Союзи з перекладом

Приклади вживання

After – після (того)

I will go home after I complete the work

as soon as – як тільки

As soon as I am ready i’ll give you a call

as long as – поки, доти, поки

I will be happy as long as you love me.

Before – до (того)

Before you go to bed, clean your room

Till –поки, доти поки (не)

We can’t do anything till they approve of our plan.

Until – поки, доти поки (не)

We can’t do anything until they approve of our plan.

When — коли

I’ll go out when the rain stops

Щоразу, – коли б ні, всякий раз коли

I come whenever you need me.

While — поки

What happened while I was gone?

Можливо, вам буде цікаво прочитати статтю про союзи till і until.

Придаткові умовя вводяться наступними спілками:

Союзи з перекладом

Приклади вживання

If – якщо

I’ll go for a walk if the weather is fine.

even if – навіть якщо

I’ll go for a walk even if the weather is rainy.

in case – у разі / на випадок

He took a torch in case there was no light in the attic.

Provided (that) — за умови, якщо тільки; у тому разі, якщо

Provided that all is safe, you may go.

Unless – якщо не

Wе’ll go for a walk unless it rains

Once – раз, так як (вже)

Once you’ve completed all that work, you might go home

Можливо, вам буде цікаво прочитати статтю про вживання союзу unless.

Додаткові місця вводяться наступними спілками:

Союзи з перекладом

Приклади вживання

where

I don’t know where to go

wherever

Now that you have a car you can go wherever you want.

Придаткові причини / мети вводяться наступними спілками:

Союзи з перекладом

Приклади вживання

Because – тому що

I’m angry because she ‘ s let me down

Since – так як

Since she is right, you are mistaken.

As – так як

She was late, as she had got stuck in the traffic jam

in order that — щоб

She got up earlier in order that not to be late

so that – так щоб

She swept away the leaves so that she could sit.

Підрядні способу дії (в тому числі порівняння) / поступки вводяться наступними спілками:

Союзи з перекладом

Приклади вживання

just as – точно так само

God was god’s name just as his name was Stephen.

Whereas — тоді як; незважаючи на те, що

Global warming has a negative impact on third-world agriculture, whereas it has a positive impact on first-world farming

As — немов

I feel her, as she is here

Although – хоча

She insisted on her idea, although she was not right.

even though — навіть якщо, хоча

There was something alive in my thoughts even though had time mellowed them.

Though –хоча

She insisted on her idea, though she was not right.

As if

He behaves as if he were here the boss

Зверніть увагу: деякі союзи, зокрема, since, after, before, until омонимичны за формою з приводами і прислівниками.

Тепер, коли ви познайомилися з основною частиною спілок в англійській мові, пропоную Вам виконати вправи на їх вживання.

Вправи на союзи.

Вправа 1. Make up compound sentences by using the right coordinating conjunctions in brackets.

His job is very hard, (yet / therefore) his salary is low.

I’m sorry I opened your handbook, (however / but) I невірно розумів it for mine.

Alex lost his job a year ago, (however / or) he soon managed to find another one.

I know she’s hard to deal with, (and / nevertheless) you ought not to be rude to her.

I’ve been living here for many years, (but / and) I don’t know the place very well.

Her life is very peaceful,l (or / yet) she is always complaining.

We haven’t got much in common, (крім того / but) we get on with each other fairly well.

Тому is 17 (or / and) he is studying at college.

The rent is reasonable, (крім того / but) the location is perfect.

My mum dislikes pets, (nevertheless / and) she bought a puppy for us.

You can take a horse to water (and / but) you can’t make him drink.

She was rushing to the office (therefore / but) she couldn’t talk to me.

A lot of novels are published every year, (therefore / however) very few of them become bestsellers.

I didn’t talk to the Director (or / but) I talked to the Manager.

Sam sat down on the bench (but / and) Lucy sat besides him.

Вправа 2. Make up complex sentences by using the right subordinating conjunction

Since / Just as there’s too much work to do, we won’t go on holiday.

I’d better take an umbrella in саse /whether it rains.

Just keep an eye on the baby while / whereas I cook the supper, will you?

Many of the children feel more confident if / though they work in groups.

Although / in order that he hasn’t said anything, he seems to be upset about it.

You must be careful while / unless you wash this delicate silk blouse.

I’d like to find out when / even if the classes begin.

By / as long as the time you receive this letter, i’ll have left for Japan.

At last, after / as long as he had tried three times, he passed his exam.

The manager didn’t offer him the job because / although his appearance was very неохайний.

Even if / When there are small children around, it’s better to put breakable ornaments out of their reach.

Unless / Until you hurry, you won’t catch the bus.

I couldn’t resist having another slice of cake in case / even though I was supposed to be losing some weight.

Leave the cake in the oven until / because it turns brown.

Вправа 3. Вкажіть правильний союз.

Mark can’t leave his job … he has found another one. (A as soon as / В until / C when)

My son’s hair got darker … he got older. (A as / if / C as long as)

I’ll lend you this book … I have finished reading it. (A unless / in case / C when)

… I lived farther from the school than any other pupil, I was often the last to arrive. (Although A / В Despite /C Since)

I stood on a chair … I could reach the upper shelf. (A because / so that /C as)

Відповіді до вправ.

Вправа 1.

1 yet, 2 but, 3 however, 4 nevertheless, 5 but, 6 yet, 7 but, 8 and, 9 крім того, 10 nevertheless, 11 but, 12 therefore, 13 however, 14 but, and 15

Вправа 2.

1 Since, 2 in case, 3 while, 4 if, 5 although, 6 while, 7 when, by 8, 9 after, 10 because, 11 when, 12 unless, 13 even though, 14 until

Вправа 3.

B, A, C, B

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